水力劈裂问题的态型近场动力学建模

将态型近场动力学理论引入水力劈裂问题的模拟。构建了能反映岩土类材料准脆性断裂特征的态型近场动力学本构模型,并在物质点间相互作用力模型中加入等效水压力项,以实现在新生裂纹面上跟踪施加水压力。同时,考虑裂纹面间的接触,引入物质点间的短程排斥力作用,并设计了相应的接触算法。通过自编程序将模型和算法应用于含初始裂纹、不含初始裂纹以及含坝基软弱结构面的混凝土重力坝在高水头作用下的水力劈裂过程模拟,并与扩展有限元等模拟结果对比,验证了本文模型和算法的可行性和准确性。     

Asymptotic analysis of microscopic impenetrability constraints for atomistic systems

We analyze systems of atomistic interactions on a triangular lattice allowing for fracture under a geometric condition on the triangles corresponding to a microscopic impenetrability constraint. Such systems can be thought as a computational simulation of materials undergoing brittle fracture. We show that in the small-deformation regime such approximation can be validated analytically in the framework of variational models of fracture. Conversely, in a finite-deformation regime various pathologies show that the continuum approximation of such a system differs from the usual variational representations of fracture and either needs new types of formulations on the continuum, or a proper interpretation of the atomistic constraints limiting their range and adapting them to a dynamical framework.     

固体的冲击拉伸碎裂

固体材料在冲击拉伸载荷作用下常常会断裂成多个碎片(碎片化)，固体材料碎片化的物理机制是多点损伤同时在固体中成核和发展，导致固体多处破坏。自 Mott 对固体的动态碎裂问题进行了开创性研究后，几十年来，对固体动态碎裂机制的研究一直是应用物理学、力学、航天和兵器工程等领域共同关心的重要课题。本文介绍了在冲击拉伸载荷作用下固体的动态碎裂研究的发展历史，给出相关的理论分析、实验研究和数值模拟的研究进展，特别针对现有的各种关于碎片尺度、碎片分布、以及碎片化物理机制的理论模型进行了较详尽的阐述和讨论，最后指出现有实验和理论研究中仍然存在的关键科学问题及进一步的研究展望。     

A model for crack formation during active solid pyrolysis of a char-forming solid: crack patterns; surface area generation; volatile mass efflux

A model is developed for the formation and propagation of cracks in a material sample that is heated at its top surface, pyrolyses, and then thermally degrades to form char. In this work the sample is heated uniformly over its entire top surface by a hypothetical flame (a heat source). The pyrolysis mechanism is described by a one-step overall reaction that is dependent nonlinearly on the temperature (Arrhenius form). Stresses develop in response to the thermal degradation of the material by means of a shrinkage strain caused by local mass loss during pyrolysis. When the principal stress exceeds a prescribed threshold value, the material forms a local crack. Cracks are found to generally originate at the surface in response to heating, but occasionally they form in the bulk, away from ever-changing material boundaries. The resulting cracks evolve and form patterns whose characteristics are described. Quantities examined in detail are: the crack spacing in the pyrolysis zone; the crack length evolution; the formation and nature of crack loops which are defined as individual cracks that have joined to form loops that are disconnected from the remaining material; the formation of enhanced pyrolysis area; and the impact of all of the former quantities on mass flux. It is determined that the mass flux from the sample can be greatly enhanced over its nominal (non-cracking) counterpart. The mass efflux profile qualitatively resembles those observed in Cone Calorimeter tests.     

过载作用下聚乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

论文针对中密度聚乙烯材料(MDPE)，采用平板试样进行了I型疲劳裂纹扩展和单次过载下裂纹扩展试验．发现与金属材料类似，单次拉伸过载对聚乙烯(PE)的疲劳裂纹扩展有明显的迟滞作用，降低了裂纹扩展速率．试验还通过变载荷刻线法获取疲劳裂纹扩展前缘的实际形貌和变化规律，对常规变载荷刻线方法进行了调整和验证，其修正方法对高分子材料的疲劳裂纹扩展前缘刻线具有较好的效果．通过观察发现含楔形塑性区的裂尖钝化是裂纹迟滞的主要原因．过载引入的塑性区内残余应力对裂纹迟滞也起了重要作用．论文利用Dugdale模型计算了塑性区尺寸，使用基于残余应力的Wheeler模型对过载迟滞进行了很好的拟合．     

砂岩方梁断裂过程区范围的实验确定方法

裂纹前端的断裂过程区是引起岩石非线性断裂及尺寸效应的主要原因。利用数字图像相关技术对砂岩开展了三点弯曲梁实验,获得观测区域高精度的全场位移和应变数据,根据断裂韧带区域水平位移和水平应变的分布特征,结合裂尖岩石颗粒变化的微观分析,提出采用裂纹尖端水平位移波动性和水平应变突变性所得到的波动系数和水平应变突变值,确定断裂过程区形状和临界尺寸的方法。结果表明:砂岩断裂过程区的形状为不规则的狭长带状区域,断裂过程区的临界长度为11~13mm,临界宽度为1.58~2.36mm。断裂过程区区域内形变在趋向裂尖时呈指数增加,但其单位区域内的形变增量呈波动状态。该方法能够更加准确判断岩石断裂过程区的范围,有助于分析岩石的非线性断裂特性。     

ESSENTIAL WORK OF FRACTURE AND THE PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN β-iPP

The possibility of phase transformation toughening is demonstrated by the example of the β-modification isotactic polypropylene (β-iPP), which undergoes the β–α transformation (i.e., from hexagonal to monoclinic) during mechanical loading. The β–α recrystallization was examined on essential work of fracture (EWF) specimens with two processing conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle x-ray diffraction demonstrate the occurrence of this β–α transformation. Some structural changes can be identified in EWF specimens by using nano-indentation machine. Toughness of the α- and β-iPP is studied and compared with the EWF concept by using static-loaded deeply double-edge-notched tensile specimens. The main effect of the β–α transformation is a large increase in the specific plastic work consumed in the necked zone.     

Determination of crack growth kinetics in non-reinforced semi-crystalline thermoplastics using the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach

The aim of this study was to find a satisfactory method to characterize the fatigue crack growth behavior of non-reinforced, semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymers using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). For this, crack growth curves (crack length versus cycle number) as well as crack growth kinetics curves (crack growth rate da/dN versus amplitude stress intensity factor ΔK) had to be generated. As methods suggested by ISO 15850 and ASTM E 647-11 failed to provide satisfactory results for the crack growth curves, a more advanced method was searched for and finally found in the literature. Regarding the crack growth kinetics curve, the idea of the calculation was based on methods recommended in ISO 15850 and ASTM E 647-11. However, these methods had to be considerably modified and improved in order to get accurate results with little scatter. The whole methodology was developed and verified with fatigue crack growth tests on two semi-crystalline thermoplastics (polyoxymethylene POM and polyetheretherketone PEEK).     

Assessment of nanocomposites based on unsaturated polyester resin/nanoclay under impact loading

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of nanoclay reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) resin under impact loads. Nanocomposite specimens containing nanoclay in 0, 1.5, and 3 (wt%) were prepared by melt mixing method. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy analysis, scanning electron microscope photographs, and viscosity changes in liquid state resin confirmed exfoliation and intercalation of the nanoclay in the UP resin system used. Tensile modulus showed an increase with increase in nanoclay content. However, the tensile strength and elongation at break exhibited reducing performance with increase in nanoclay content. Izod impact test results indicated better performance for the specimens containing nanoclay reinforcements, with 1.5 (wt%) of nanoclay specimens showing the highest value. High velocity impact tests were carried out using gas gun in velocity range of 20–100 m/sec and harden steel hemispherical tip projectile with diameter of 8.7 mm and weight of 11.54 g. Results for high velocity impact test indicated better performance by the specimens containing nanoclay, with 1.5 (wt%) nanoclay showing the highest attained value. Damage assessments of impact area for all specimens showed spalling type brittle failure with punch out and sever fragmentation pattern. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

室温下制备以{211}晶面为主的Ti1-xVxO2薄膜及其可见光催化性能

以金属Ti和V作为靶材,采用直流反应共溅射技术在室温下制备了以{211}晶面为主的锐钛矿相Ti_1-xV_xO₂薄膜,研究了不同V靶功率对Ti_1-xV_xO₂薄膜的薄膜成分、晶相结构和可见光催化性能的影响。研究表明,Ti_1-xV_xO₂薄膜的晶相结构为锐钛矿相,择优取向为(211),而结晶度受V靶功率的影响。随着V靶功率的增加,薄膜中V元素含量逐渐增加,同时,晶粒和沉积速率也逐渐增加。另外,当V靶功率为150 W时,薄膜的表面粗糙度值有一个最大值。V的掺杂导致薄膜的能带间隙变窄,对光的吸收向可见光区偏移,从而有效地改善了薄膜的可见光催化能力。当V靶功率为150 W时,Ti_1-xV_xO₂薄膜的能带间隙值为 2.82 eV,其在2 h的可见光照射下分解了80%的RhB染料。这被归结于能带间隙窄,高能晶面{211}和结晶度高的共同作用。